List of figures, tables and boxes
ix
The contributors
xi
Acronyms and abbreviations
xv
Part I. Methodology, Paradigms, Ethics and Participation
1. Introduction and Background 3
Introduction 3
Biodiversity: Its functions and status 4
Forests 5
Marine systems 6
Causes of biodiversity loss 7
Protected areas: Functions and problems 13
Outline of the book 16
2. Scientific Methodology 23
Introduction 23
Positivism and its influence on economics 25
Post-normal science: A methodology for the study of environmental issues
28
Constructivism 33
Conclusion 37
3. Paradigms and Environmental Decision-making 42
Introduction 42
Ecological economics 43
Neo-classical economics and the environment 47
Expanding the human behavioural space 54
Implications for decision-making 58
4. Economics, Intergenerational Equity and Biodiversity Conservation
61
Introduction 61
The economics of biodiversity 62
Natural capital 68
Ethics and intergenerational equity 70
Implications for biodiversity conservation 73
Conclusion 75
5. Economics, Land Use Planning and Participation 77
Introduction 77
CBA and the valuation of ecosystems 77
Sustainable land use planning 79
Participation 85
Decentralization as a way to increase accountability? 89
Participation and conservation activities 90
Concluding comments 95
Summary of Part I 96
Part II. Case Studies
6. Conflict and Agreement in Australian Forests (John Dargavel,
Wendy Proctor and Peter Kanowski) 101
Introduction 101
From colonies to country 101
Policy revolution of the 1990s 106
Rational intent 308
Lessons and questions 113
7. Marine Conservation through Collaboration and Partnership: Recent
Australian Experiences (Nancy Dabl-Tacconi and Peter Taylor)
116
Introduction 116
Policy background 117
Great Australian Bight Marine Park 722
Establishment and management of marine protected areas 125
Conclusion 130
8. Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia: Policy and Politics
(Petrus Gunarso and Jim Davie)
133
Introduction 133
National biodiversity issues 134
Can there be effective protected area management? Problems in reconciling
the stakeholders 140
Institutional change: Decentralization 143
Conclusion 145
9. From Top-down to Participatory Planning: Conservation Lessons
from the Adirondack Park, United States (Jon D Erickson and Sabine
U O'Hara)
146
Introduction 146
The global significance of the Adirondack Park 147
The Adirondack Park Agency and top-down land use planning 151
Community participatory processes: A new policy era? 154
Participatory sustainable development in the Adirondacks 156
Lessons to be learned, and challenges to come 161
10. Policy, Institutions, Values and Biodiversity Conservation in
Vanuatu (Luca Tacconi)
162
Introduction 162
Methodology 162
Institutions and policies affecting conservation 163
People's Views and Use of Forests 166
The Erromango Kauri Protected Area 171
Protected areas in Malekula Island 173
Discussion about the theoretical framework 175
Concluding comments 177
11. Negotiating Agendas in Biodiversity Conservation: The India Ecodevelopment
Project, Karnataka (Sanghamitra Mahanty)
181
Introduction 181
Integrated conservation and development projects 181
Analytical framework and methods for the Nagaraholé study 183
Actors, landscape and institutions in Nagaraholé 186
From understanding specifics to policy implications 193
Conclusion 194
12. Conflict Management in Community-based Natural Resource Projects:
Experiences from the Lakekamu Basin Integrated Conservation and Development
Project, Papua New Guinea (Michael Warner)
196
Introduction 196
Types of conflicts in natural resource management 197
Conflict management in the Lakekamu ICPD 199
Conflict management and sustainable livelihoods 214
Conclusion 217
References
221
Index
247
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