List of Tables and Boxes vii
Acronyms and Abbreviations ix
Acknowledgements xi
Foreword by Ludwig Kraemer, European Commission DG XI
xiii
1 Economic Development and the Environment 1
Characteristics of the Problem 1
The Variety of Response 4
Environmental Potential of Economic Programmes 8
Purpose, Approach and Structure of the Book 9
2 Environmental Gain 12
Introduction 12
Sustainable Development 13
Ecological Modernization 16
Environmental Gain 19
The Hierarchy of Concepts 21
Strategic Environmental Assessment 23
Strategic Sustainability Assessment 27
Conclusions 28
3 Environment in the European Union 30
Introduction 30
Institutions with Environmental Responsibilities 31
Environmental Initiatives 36
Environment and Economic Development 45
Environmental Funding Programmes 52
Conclusions 57
4 Inward Investment and Environmental Finance 59
Introduction 59
International Plant Location Factors 60
The Industrial Flight Hypothesis Revisited 62
Environmental Subsidies 66
Conclusions 74
5 The European Union Structural Funds 76
Introduction 76
Composition of the Structural Funds 77
Development Objectives, 1994-1999 78
Structural Funds Budget 82
Rationalization of the Structural Funds from 2000 83
Programme Formulation and Implementation 85
Environmental Impact 90
Environmental Guidance 93
Conclusions 98
6 Environmental Integration in Regional Programmes 100
Introduction 100
Programming Period 1989-1993 101
Programming Period 1994-1996: Ex-ante Evaluation 103
Programming Period 1994-1996: Ex-post Evaluation 107
Programming Period 1997-1999: Mid-term Evaluation 112
Progress in Environmental Integration 121 Conclusions 123
7 A Methodology for Realizing Environmental Gain 125
Introduction 125
Preliminary Considerations 125
Programme Design 128
Programme Management 133
Programme Evaluation 139
Conclusions 147
8 Towards Regional Environmental Competitiveness 149
Introduction 149
Key Points 150
Environmental Regulation and Industrial Competitiveness 152
Environmental Gain and Regional Environmental Competitiveness 155
Beyond Competitiveness 158
Appendix 1 EU Environmental Legislation Relevant for Structural
Funds Regional Development Programmes
160
Appendix 2 Structural Funds Support, 2000-2006
172
References 177
Index 186